Biology
Slide 1 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Slide 2 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
The Skeleton
(All organisms need structural support. Unicellular organisms have a cytoskeleton.
Multicellular animals have either an exoskeleton (arthropods) or an endoskeleton (vertebrates).)
Slide 3 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
The Skeleton
(The human skeleton is composed of bone. Bones and other connective tissues, such as cartilage and ligaments, form the skeletal system).
Slide 4 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
The Skeleton
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Slide 5 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
The Skeleton
A. The skeleton:
• 1. supports the body. • 2. protects internal organs. • 3. provides for movement. • 4. stores mineral reserves. • 5. provides a site for blood cell formation. • Osteo=bone Slide 6 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
The Skeleton
Skull
B. axial skeleton: (blue) supports central axis of body.
Sternum Ribs
Vertebral column
Axial Skeleton Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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36–1 The Skeletal System
The Skeleton
Clavicle Scapula
C. Appendicular Skeleton (grey):
Humerus
bones of arms and shoulder area; pelvis and legs
Radius Pelvis Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Femur
Appendicular Skeleton Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
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36–1 The Skeletal System
Structure of Bones
Structure of Bones What is the structure of a typical bone?
Slide 9 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Structure of Bones
D. Bone Structure: 1. solid network of living cells 2. protein fibers surrounded by deposits of calcium salts.
Slide 10 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Structure of Bones Haversian canal Compact bone
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Periosteum
Spongy bone Bone marrow
Osteocyte Artery Vein Periosteum Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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36–1 The Skeletal System
Structure of Bones
(The bone is surrounded by a tough layer of connective tissue called the periosteum. Blood vessels in the periosteum carry oxygen and nutrients to the bone. )
Slide 12 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Structure of Bones
(Beneath the periosteum is a thick layer of compact bone. Running through compact bone is a network of tubes called Haversian canals that contain blood vessels and nerves.)
Slide 13 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Structure of Bones
(Spongy bone is found inside the outer layer of compact bone. Spongy bone is also found in the ends of long bones and in the middle of short, flat bones. Spongy bone adds strength without adding mass.)
Slide 14 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Structure of Bones
(Osteocytes, or mature bone cells, are embedded in the bone matrix. Other bone cells—osteoclasts and osteoblasts—line the Haversian canals and the surfaces of compact and spongy bone.
•
Osteoclasts break down bone.
•
Osteoblasts produce bone.)
Slide 15 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Structure of Bones
E. Bone marrow: soft tissue inside the cavities of bones.
F. 2 types of bone marrow:
•
1. Yellow marrow is made up of fat cells.
•
2. Red marrow produces red blood cells, some kinds of white blood cells, and platelets.
Slide 16 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Development of Bones
G. Development of Bones 1. skeleton of an embryo is composed of cartilage.
2. Cartilage: * strong connective tissue that supports the body
* softer and more flexible than bone.
Slide 17 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Development of Bones
H. Ossification: Cartilage is replaced by bone
(Bone tissue forms as osteoblasts secrete mineral deposits. When the osteoblasts become surrounded by bone tissue, they mature into osteocytes.)
Slide 18 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
I.
Development of Bones
Growth plates: area at either end of long bone that cartilage grows.
(Growth of cartilage at these plates causes bones to lengthen. Gradually, this cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. By early adulthood, cartilage in the growth plates is replaced by bone, the bones become ossified, and growth stops.) Slide 19 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Types of Joints
J. Types of Joints 1.Joint:
place where one bone attaches to another bone * permit bones to move without damaging each other.
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36–1 The Skeletal System
Types of Joints
What are the three different kinds of joints?
Slide 21 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Types of Joints
K. 3 kinds of joints: (Classified depending on type of movement)
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36–1 The Skeletal System
Types of Joints
1. Immovable Joints a. allow no movement.
b. bones are interlocked and held together by connective tissue, or they are fused together. c. example: skull bones.
Slide 23 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Types of Joints
2. Slightly Movable Joints a. small amount of restricted movement.
b. example: adjacent vertebrae.
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36–1 The Skeletal System
Types of Joints
3. Freely Movable Joints a. movement in 1 or more directions.
b. 4 types freely movable joints: 1. ball-and-socket joints 2. hinge joints 3. pivot joints 4. saddle joints
Slide 25 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Types of Joints
Ball-and-socket joints permit movement in many directions.
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36–1 The Skeletal System
Types of Joints
Hinge joints permit back-and-forth motion.
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36–1 The Skeletal System
Types of Joints
Pivot joints allow one bone to rotate around another.
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36–1 The Skeletal System
Types of Joints
Saddle joints permit one bone to slide in two directions.
Slide 29 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Structure of Joints
(Structure of Joints In freely movable joints, cartilage covers the surfaces where two bones come together. Joints are also surrounded by a fibrous capsule that holds the bones together while still allowing them to move.)
Slide 30 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Structure of Joints Muscle
Knee Joint
Tendon Femur
Patella Bursa Ligament Synovial fluid Cartilage Fat Fibula Tibia Slide 31 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Structure of Joints
C. ligaments: hold bones together in joints
(Synovial fluid forms a thin lubricating film over the surface of the joint. Synovial fluid enables the bones to slide past each other more smoothly.)
Slide 32 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Structure of Joints
(In some freely movable joints small sacs of synovial fluid called bursae form. A bursa reduces the friction between bones of a joint and also acts as a shock absorber.)
Slide 33 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1 The Skeletal System
Skeletal System Disorders
4. Skeletal System Disorders A.Excessive strain on a joint may produce inflammation, (in which excess fluid causes swelling, pain, heat, and redness.)
B. Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa C. Arthritis: Inflammation of the joint D. Osteoporosis: is caused by a loss of calcium in the bone. Slide 34 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1
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Slide 35 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1
Red blood cells, some kinds of white blood cells, and platelets are produced by a. red marrow. b. cartilage. c. yellow marrow. d. osteocytes.
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36–1
Mature bone cells are called a. periosteum.
b. osteocytes. c. bone marrow. d. Haversian canals.
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In freely movable joints, what covers the surfaces where the two bones come together? a. ligaments b. cartilage c. bursae d. tendons
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36–1
During ossification, cartilage is replaced by a. bone.
b. ligament. c. marrow. d. tendon.
Slide 39 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
36–1
The shoulder joint is an example of a a. ball-and-socket joint.
b. hinge joint. c. pivot joint. d. saddle joint.
Slide 40 of 40 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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